D. Glan Upper All rights reserved. It was organised into two battalions, one around Jonesborough and another around Crossmaglen. [144] The IRA aimed to keep Northern Ireland unstable, which would frustrate the British objective of installing a power sharing government as a solution to the Troubles.[144]. [123][124] The IRA was also involved in tit for tat sectarian killings of Protestant civilians, in retaliation for sectarian killings by loyalist paramilitaries. IRA bomb warnings included a code word known to the authorities, so it could be determined if a bomb warning was authentic. [257] According to Lost Lives, the IRA was responsible for 1,781 deaths, about 47% of the total conflict deaths. [458] This group also included former members of the Irish National Liberation Army and a faction that splintered from the Real IRA. [92][93] Despite loyalist violence also increasing, all of those arrested were republicans, including political activists not associated with the IRA and student civil rights leaders. After spending several years in prison, he became a Protestant fundamentalist preacher. [101] The suspension of the Northern Ireland parliament was a key objective of the IRA, in order to directly involve the British government in Northern Ireland, as the IRA wanted the conflict to be seen as one between Ireland and Britain. [42] When the IRA resumed its campaign in 1996-97, the South Armagh IRA was less active than previously,[43] although one of the sniper teams killed one soldier and seriously wounded an RUC constable. [95] The introduction of internment dramatically increased the level of violence. New book lifts lid on IRA Mountjoy helicopter escape This page was last edited on 13 July 2022, at 18:49. [230][231] The IRA also used a variety of bombs during its armed campaign, such as car and truck bombs, time bombs, and booby traps,[232] using explosives including ANFO and gelignite donated by IRA supporters in the Republic of Ireland and the plastic explosive Semtex donated by the Libyan government. But smuggling in the region has evolved from a localised phenomenon to an international business that stretches from the hills, fields and back rural roads of the Irish borderlands to England, Europe and the far east. [183] Firstly the IRA had to be willing to agree to "disarm progressively", secondly a scheme for decommissioning had to be agreed, and finally some weapons had to be decommissioned prior to the talks beginning as a confidence building measure. [197] The October 2001 decommissioning was the first time an Irish republican paramilitary organisation had voluntarily disposed of its arms. [381] IRA supporters argue that as it was a clandestine organisation it was forced to use extra legal methods of fundraising, which were justified in order to achieve a political goal. [154][285], The IRA referred to its ordinary members as volunteers (or glaigh in Irish), to reflect the IRA being an irregular army which people were not forced to join and could leave at any time. The IRA man John Crawley (the yank) mentions on a podcast on Youtube that people would be surprised how small the brigade was. Died. These connections that were forged in the mid- to late 1990s helped build up a network in England and those contacts were then used in the trade in human beings, White said. [205] At the beginning of February 2005, the IRA declared that it was withdrawing a decommissioning offer from late 2004. [221] In August 2015, George Hamilton, the PSNI chief constable, stated that the IRA no longer exists as a paramilitary organisation. By 1994, the safest way for the British army to travel across South Armagh and some areas of Tyrone and Fermanagh was on board troop-carrying Chinook helicopters. [345][346] The key IRA transatlantic gunrunning network was run by Irish immigrant and IRA veteran George Harrison, who estimated to have smuggled 2,0002,500 weapons and approximately 1 million rounds of ammunition to Ireland. IRA training camp in Donegal, 1986. [222] He added that some of its structure remains, but that the group is committed to following a peaceful political path and is not engaged in criminal activity nor directing violence. [430][431] Donaldson, who ran Sinn Fin's operations in New York during the Northern Ireland peace process, was expelled by the party. [20], During the mid-1980s, the brigade focused its attacks on the RUC, killing 20 of its members between 1984 and 1986. [193][194] One aim of the agreement was that all paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland fully disarm by May 2000. 25 July 1994 - A British soldier was shot and wounded by the IRA in Crossmaglen, County Armagh. [302] In the years that followed, IRA prisoners began to look towards South African politics and the example being set by the African National Congress. The policemen were named yesterday as Const Roland John Graham (34), from Richhill, Co Armagh, and Reserve Const David Andrew Johnston (30 . Paramilitary force active from 1969 to 2005, "PIRA" redirects here. [347] However, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) arrested Harrison for IRA arms smuggling in June 1981, thereby blocking the IRA's arms supply from America. [6], South Armagh has a long Irish republican tradition. [439] The original IRA, as well as all the major paramilitary organisations active during the Troubles, also killed alleged informers. [432][435], The IRA regarded informers as traitors,[436] and a threat to the organisation and lives of its members. [27] However, the South Armagh Brigade continued to carry out varied and high-profile attacks in the same period. The driver of the lorry in which the bodies of 39 men, women and teenagers were found in Grays, Essex, last year was Maurice Mo Robinson. There was no reaction from British security although the RUC/Army base was just 50 yards away. John Francis Green was a leading member of the North Armagh Brigade of the Provisional . [316] The IRA prefer the terms freedom fighter, soldier, activist, or volunteer for its members. The normalisation process, negotiated under the provisions of the Good Friday Agreement in exchange for the complete decommissioning of IRA weaponry, was one of the main goals of the republican political strategy in the region. [302] Many of the imprisoned IRA members saw parallels between their own struggle and that of Nelson Mandela and were encouraged by Mandela's use of compromise following his ascent to power in South Africa to consider compromise themselves. Victim of. [359][360][361] More than A$20,000 were sent per year to the Provisionals from supporters in Australia by the 1990s. At that moment, a gun battle was taking place on the ground between British soldiers and members of the South Armagh Brigade. [400] Many in the IRA opposed these sectarian attacks, but others deemed them effective in preventing similar attacks on Catholics. D. Monea [374] PLO leader Yasser Arafat distanced himself from the IRA following the assassination of Lord Mountbatten in 1979. [429] In December 2005, Sinn Fin member and former IRA volunteer Denis Donaldson appeared at a press conference in Dublin and confessed to being a British spy since the early 1980s. [286] Until the late 1970s, IRA volunteers were organised in units based on conventional military structures. [n 6][53] The delegates that walked out reconvened at another venue where Mac Stofin, Brdaigh and Mulcahy from the "Provisional" Army Council were elected to the Caretaker Executive of "Provisional" Sinn Fin. Internment had been effective during the IRA's. Ira Lutts North (August 31, 1922 in Ethridge, Tennessee - January 15, 1984 in Nashville, Tennessee) was a preacher and author within the Churches of Christ. [223][n 22] The Chief Constable stated there was no evidence that the killing of McGuigan was sanctioned by the IRA leadership. [132][135] As result of the withdrawal of Special Category Status, in September 1976 IRA prisoner Kieran Nugent began the blanket protest in the Maze Prison, when hundreds of prisoners refused to wear prison uniforms.[136][137]. There were no injuries on either side. [338], Libyan leader Colonel Muammar Gaddafi was a supplier of arms to the IRA, donating two shipments of arms in the early 1970s,[339] and another five in the mid-1980s. [357][358][354], Irish Canadians, Irish Australians, and Irish New Zealanders were also active in supporting the Republican cause. E. Killinagh That amount is no problem to them and they have no shortage of money to purchase weapons."[386]. I Descriptive Analysis and Some Comparisons with Attitudes in Northern Ireland and Great Britain | E. E. DAVIS and R. SINNOTT |1979 |, Physics Instructional Resource Association, Independent International Commission on Decommissioning, Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign, bombing campaign in England in 1939 and 1940, campaign in Northern Ireland in the 1940s, Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association, Provisional Government of the Irish Republic, Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions (200009), Assessment on Paramilitary Groups in Northern Ireland, List of weapons used by the Provisional Irish Republican Army, List of chronologies of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions, Improvised tactical vehicles of the Provisional IRA, Provisional IRA campaign 1969-1997 Casualties, Communist Party of Ireland (MarxistLeninist), Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1973, Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland Affairs Select Committee, Paramilitary punishment attacks in Northern Ireland, First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland, Kevin McGuigan's son claims his father 'exonerated' over Gerard 'Jock' Davison murder, "Secretary of State's oral statement on assessment of paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland", "Assessment on paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland". [19][20] The IRA also raised funds by running legitimate businesses such as taxi firms, nightclubs, offices, and nursing homes. [344] The financial backbone of IRA support in the United States was the Irish Northern Aid Committee (NORAID), founded by Irish immigrant and IRA veteran Michael Flannery. Gelignite stolen from quarries, farms and construction sites in the Republic was behind the 48,000lbs of explosives detonated in Northern Ireland in the first six months of 1973 alone. A month later, three Canadians and Edward "Ted" Howell (a close ally of Gerry Adams) and Dessie Ellis from Dublin were arrested for trying to enter the U.S. illegally from Canada and "with a cache of money and a shopping list" of weapons for the IRA. [35] In the mid-1960s tension between the Catholic and Protestant communities was increasing. which is published in the accounts of 1 North Louth Brigade (4th Northern Division). [349][350] In addition, Irish American support for the Republican cause began to weaken in the mid-1970s and gradually diminished in the 1980s due to bad publicity surrounding IRA atrocities and NORAID. [167] Afterwards the IRA intensified the bombing campaign in England, planting 36 bombs in 1991 and 57 in 1992, up from 15 in 1990. north and mid-Armagh, the . IRA heals rift over Adams 'disband' remarks | Politics | The Guardian Smuggling become a global business that stretches from the Irish borderlands to England, Europe and the Far East. [458] In 2011 a group calling itself "the IRA" claimed responsibility for the murder of Ronan Kerr, a Catholic member of the PSNI. [190] In February 1997 an IRA sniper team killed Lance Bombadier Stephen Restorick, the last British soldier to be killed by the IRA. List of brigades of the Irish Republican Army, Fourth Northern Division of the Irish Republican Army, "Atlas of the Irish Revolution: The War in Cork and Kerry", "Dictionary of Irish Biography | Dictionary of Irish Biography", "General Liam Lynch, Chief-of-Staff of the Irish Republican Army", "Military Archives - Paddy O'Brien Witness Statement", "Sean Moylan - Military Witness Statement", "Listing of persons whose names appear on war memorials in Ireland", "Military Service Pensions - Kerry II Brigade", "Clonfin Ambush: North Longford Flying Column's finest hour as the elite British forces surrender to Sen Mac Eoin", Order of Battle of the Irish Republican Army, June 1922, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_brigades_of_the_Irish_Republican_Army&oldid=1157239237, Peadar McMahon, Sen Gallagher & Samus McGovern, amonn McGovern, Michael MacManus & Sen Dolan, This page was last edited on 27 May 2023, at 08:35. [249] Despite this IRA bombs continued to kill civilians, generally due to IRA mistakes and incompetence or errors in communication. John Francis Green - Wikispooks Subsequently, the British Army gave up the use of roads to the IRA in South Armagh. [16][239] Other targets included British government officials, politicians, establishment and judicial figures, and senior British Army and police officers. [228][229] As a result of black market arms deals and donations from sympathisers, the IRA obtained a large array of weapons such as surface-to-air missiles; M60 machine guns; ArmaLite AR-18, FN FAL, AKM and M16 rifles; DShK heavy machine guns; LPO-50 flamethrowers; and Barrett M90 sniper rifles. [n 15][165], The IRA responded to Brooke's speech by declaring a three-day ceasefire over Christmas, the first in fifteen years. [287] Volunteers living in one area formed a company as part of a battalion, which could be part of a brigade,[288] such as the Belfast Brigade, Derry Brigade, South Armagh Brigade, and East Tyrone Brigade. William Stephen Wright (7 July 1960 - 27 December 1997) was a Northern Irish loyalist paramilitary leader during the Troubles. [254] Two detailed studies of deaths in the Troubles, the Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN), and the book Lost Lives, differ slightly on the numbers killed by the IRA and the total number of conflict deaths. [410][411] The RUC found it difficult to operate in certain nationalist neighbourhoods and only entered in armoured convoys due to the risk of attack, preventing community policing that could have occurred if officers patrolled on foot. [307][309] IRA prisoners in the UK and the Republic of Ireland were granted conditional early release as part of the Good Friday Agreement. [60], "The Saracen armoured car blown up by a culvert bomb at Lurganculleboy, near Crossmaglen in October 1975, killing Corporal Edward Gleeson. He was later acquitted of any charges, but he eventually agreed in 2006 to pay 500,000 for cross-border smuggling. He has pleaded guilty to the manslaughter of the Vietnamese migrants and had been promised 60,000 for this one smuggling operation that went so tragically wrong. [416] Kneecapping was also used by the IRA as a form of punishment. John Finucane, North Belfast MP, due to speak at event honouring members of deadly South Armagh brigade Political leaders and victims' groups have accused Sinn Fin of glorifying murder at a . By defending the war of liberation by punishing criminals, This page was last edited on 26 June 2023, at 04:42. [333] He also gave $12 million in cash to the IRA. [83][102] In May 1972 the Official IRA called a ceasefire, leaving the Provisional IRA as the sole active republican paramilitary organisation. In 2006, the British and Irish authorities mounted joint operations to clamp down on smuggling in the area and to seize Thomas Murphy's assets. Nine of these were killed in the February 1985 Newry mortar attack. It was organised into two battalions, one around Jonesborough and another around Crossmaglen. For example, one IRA bomb factory near Stannaway Road in Dublin was producing six firearms a day in 1973. CNN - IRA kills 2 policemen in Northern Ireland - June 16, 1997 ", Thirty-five people implicated by Gilmour were acquitted following a six-month trial in 1984, with, One of the Disappeared, Seamus Ruddy, was killed by the, The Mitchell Principles were ground rules written by US senator. Provisional IRA South Armagh Brigade - 1980s and 1990s [235][236] The mortars used a variety of different firing mechanisms including delay timers, this combined with the disposable nature of the weapons allowed IRA volunteers to reduce the risk of being arrested at the scene. [6][7][238] The IRA's offensive campaign mainly targeted the British Army (including the UDR) and the RUC, with British soldiers being the IRA's preferred target. 1990 Lough Neagh ambush - Wikiwand [21] Ireland was partitioned into Southern Ireland and Northern Ireland by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, and following the implementation of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1922 Southern Ireland, renamed the Irish Free State, became a self-governing dominion while Northern Ireland chose to remain under home rule as part of the United Kingdom. [282] In 1977, parallel to the introduction of cell structures at the local level, command of the "war-zone" was given to the Northern Command, which facilitated coordinated attacks across Northern Ireland and rapid alterations in tactics. [177] The British government replied saying the declaration spoke for itself, and refused to meet with Sinn Fin unless the IRA called a ceasefire. [232] The IRA was blamed for the Abercorn Restaurant bombing in March 1972, when a bomb exploded without warning killing two women and injuring many people. C. Enniskillen It was initially the minority faction in the split compared to the Official IRA, but became the dominant faction by 1972. [2] For day-to-day purposes, authority was vested in the Army Council which, as well as directing policy and taking major tactical decisions, appointed a chief-of-staff from one of its number or, less often, from outside its ranks. [59] Shortly after, the traditionalists held a convention which elected a "Provisional" Army Council, composed of Mac Stofin, Ruair Brdaigh, Paddy Mulcahy, Sean Tracey, Leo Martin, Conaill, and Cahill. [190][271] After the 1997 ceasefire they were held more frequently, and are known to have been held in October 1997,[272] May 1998,[273] December 1998 or early 1999,[274][275] and June 2002. The IRA initially focused on defence of Catholic areas, but it began an offensive campaign in 1970 that was aided by external sources, including sympathisers in the Republic of Ireland and Irish diaspora communities within the Anglosphere, and the Palestine Liberation Organization and Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. By the late 1980s the Troubles were at a military and political stalemate, with the IRA able to prevent the British government imposing a settlement but unable to force their objective of Irish reunification. [404] Robert White, a professor at the Indiana University, states the IRA was generally not a sectarian organisation,[405] and Rachel Kowalski from the Department of War Studies, King's College London states that the IRA acted in a way that was mostly blind to religious diversity. [450] This group was inactive for several years while acquiring weapons and finance,[451] their first attack was in 1994 during the Provisional IRA's first ceasefire. [399], The IRA publicly condemned sectarianism and sectarian attacks, however some IRA members did carry out sectarian attacks. [n 17][198] In October 2002 the devolved Northern Ireland Assembly was suspended by the British government and direct rule returned, in order to prevent a unionist walkout. [8], At the beginning of the Northern Ireland Troubles in August 1969, rioters, led by IRA men, attacked the RUC barracks in Crossmaglen, in retaliation for the attacks on Catholic/nationalist areas in Belfast in the Northern Ireland riots of August 1969. [54][56] The traditionalists argued strongly against the ending of abstentionism, and the official minutes report the resolution passed by twenty-seven votes to twelve. The assembly remained suspended until May 2007, when. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Carlin explained that "[t]here were politicians in Scotland, a lot of whom were very sympathetic to the nationalist cause, and even the Sinn Fein cause". At the time, the Irish Republic, which is only a short distance south, was suffering a major recession and the Dublin government had to create emergency luxury taxes on goods including washing powder overnight. And almost overnight the smugglers of South Armagh, under the control of the IRA, started bulk-buying cheaper washing powder in Northern Ireland and smuggled it across the border where it went on sale at a cheaper price than the official price in the souths shops. A number of South Armagh IRA members were imprisoned by the end of the 1970s and took part in the blanket protest and dirty protest in pursuit of political status for IRA prisoners. [155] The plans, modelled on the Tet Offensive during the Vietnam War, relied on the element of surprise which was lost when the ship's captain informed French authorities of four earlier shipments of weapons, which allowed the British Army to deploy appropriate countermeasures. [21] The Volunteers took part in the Easter Rising against British rule in 1916, and the War of Independence that followed the Declaration of Independence by the revolutionary parliament Dil ireann in 1919, during which they came to be known as the IRA. The assessment, concluded in October 2015, was that "all the main paramilitary groups operating during the Troubles are still in existence, including the Ulster Volunteer Force, the Red Hand Commando, the Ulster Defence Association, the Provisional IRA, and Irish National Liberation Army. In a. In March 1989, two senior RUC officers were killed in an ambush near Jonesborough. [149], Attacks on high-profile political and military targets remained a priority for the IRA. [145] The bombing killed five members of the Conservative Party attending a party conference including MP Anthony Berry, with Thatcher narrowly escaping death. [32] On 22 April 1993, the South Armagh IRA unit took control of the village of Cullaville near the border with the Republic, for two hours, making good use of dead ground. [83] Mac Stofin decided they would "escalate, escalate and escalate", in what the British Army would later describe as a "classic insurgency". Irish Republican Army. (I.R.A) - History & Background - Belfast Child [280][281], The chief-of-staff would be assisted by an adjutant general as well as a General Headquarters (GHQ) staff, which consisted of a quartermaster general, and directors of finance, engineering, training, intelligence, publicity, operations, and security. [n 18][200] This was partly triggered by Stormontgateallegations that republican spies were operating within the Parliament Buildings and the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI)[n 19][202]and the IRA temporarily broke off contact with de Chastelain. [47] Veteran republicans were critical of Goulding and the IRA's Dublin leadership which, for political reasons, had refused to prepare for aggressive action in advance of the violence. [449], Former IRA volunteers are involved in various dissident republican splinter groups, which are active in the low-level dissident Irish republican campaign. [3] Compared to other brigades, the South Armagh IRA was seen as an 'independent republic' within the republican movement, retaining a battalion organizational structure and not adopting the cell structure the rest of the IRA was forced to adopt after repeated intelligence failures. A 2021 inquest hearing was told that detectives had not considered Mr McGuigan a suspect in Mr Davisons murder, though the inquest's report added that others did. [358] One IRA interviewee stated that starting in the 1970s for example: Belfast ran itself for years on its [social] clubs. assassination. Meanwhile, when respondents were asked whether they sympathised or rejected their motives, 44.8% of respondents expressed some level of sympathy with their motives while 33.5% broadly rejected them. So, the same people who were helping to bomb England during the Troubles started to smuggle over diesel to hauliers across the Irish Sea at low prices free from tariffs and taxes. [415], Throughout the Troubles, some members of the IRA passed information to the security forces. [267], All levels of the organisation were entitled to send delegates to General Army Conventions. Bandit Country. [54][55] On 22 June 1998 a deadly incident involving fuel smuggling took place near Crossmaglen, when former Thomas Murphy employee Patrick Belton ran over and killed a British soldier attempting to stop him while driving his oil tanker through a military checkpoint. [161] The speech was given in London the following month, with Brooke stating that the British government would not give in to violence but offering significant political change if violence stopped, ending his statement by saying: The British government has no selfish, strategic or economic interest in Northern Ireland: Our role is to help, enable and encourage Partition is an acknowledgement of reality, not an assertion of national self-interest. [132] Ulsterisation involved increasing the role of the locally recruited RUC and Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR), a part-time element of the British Army, in order to try to contain the conflict inside Northern Ireland and reduce the number of British soldiers recruited from outside of Northern Ireland being killed. [n 10][90][91], As a result of escalating violence, internment without trial was introduced by the Northern Ireland government on 9 August 1971, with 342 suspects arrested in the first twenty-four hours. [156] In 1987 the IRA began attacking British military targets in mainland Europe, beginning with the Rheindahlen bombing, which was followed by approximately twenty other gun and bomb attacks aimed at British Armed Forces personnel and bases between 1988 and 1990.[7][157]. The same study found 39.7% of respondents in the Republic of Ireland sympathised with republican violence. [371][372] In 1973 the IRA was accused by the Spanish police of providing explosives for the assassination of Spanish prime minister Luis Carrero Blanco in Madrid, and the following year an ETA spokesman told German magazine Der Spiegel they had "very good relations" with the IRA. [94][96] Twenty-two people were killed in the next three days, including six civilians killed by the British Army as part of the Ballymurphy massacre on 9 August,[95][97] and in Belfast 7,000 Catholics and 2,000 Protestants were forced from their homes by the rioting. [416] Those responsible for more serious and repeat offences could have been given a punishment beating, or banished from the community. [302] However, this never came to pass, and the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989 brought a dogmatic commitment to socialism back into question, as possible socialist allies in Eastern Europe wilted away. [n 3][54][56]. In addition to bombings and occasional gun attacks in England, the IRA also used hoax, In addition to the scheduled General Army Conventions, the Executive, by a, Delegates might spend over a day travelling to the General Army Convention, due to the elaborate security and, The Executive and Army Council elected in September 1970 remained in place until 1986, filling vacancies by, Prior to May 1972 IRA volunteers in the Republic of Ireland were tried in normal courts. [119][120] A series of meetings took place between the IRA's leadership and British government representatives throughout the year, with the IRA being led to believe this was the start of a process of British withdrawal. The Provisional IRA issued all its public statements under the pseudonym "P. O'Neill" of the "Irish Republican Publicity Bureau, Dublin". [147] The electoral successes led to the IRA's armed campaign being pursued in parallel with increased electoral participation by Sinn Fin. [407] McKearney argues that due to the British government's Ulsterisation policy increasing the role of the locally recruited RUC and UDR, the IRA had no choice but to target them because of their local knowledge, but acknowledges that Protestants viewed this as a sectarian attack on their community. [422] The incident centres were seen by locals as "IRA police stations" and gave some legitimacy to the IRA as a policing force. You know the clubs? In one such ambush in August 1972, a Ferret armoured car was destroyed by a 600lb landmine, killing one soldier. The South Armagh Brigade retaliated for the deaths of the hunger strikers by killing five British soldiers with a mine that destroyed their armoured vehicle near Bessbrook. [222] Also in response, the British government commissioned the Assessment on Paramilitary Groups in Northern Ireland. "A Broad Church: The Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland, 19691980", "Support in Republic during Troubles 'key for IRA', book claims", "Libyan leader Gaddafi's IRA support revealed in secret Irish State Papers", "Extent of Libyan backing for IRA 'shocked' British", "Libya: Extent of Gaddafi's financial support for IRA stunned British intelligence", "The Canadian Dimension to the Northern Ireland Conflict", "Irish America and the Ulster Conflict 1968-1995", "Sinn Fin raised $12 million in the United States", "Anti-Terrorist Finance in the United Kingdom and United States", Select Committee on Northern Ireland Affairs - Part One: The continuing threat from paramilitary organisations, "Canada let IRA members slip through, sources say", "Inside story: Why the IRA never attacked Scotland", "Cost of running IRA was 'up to 3m a year' in 1980s", "Seven in 10 nationalists agree with Michelle O'Neill that there was 'no alternative' to IRA's campaign of violence, new poll reveals", CAIN: Revised and Updated Extracts from Sutton's Book, "The Provisional Irish Republican Army and the Development of Mortars", "Chief Constable's statement PSNI's assessment of the current status of the Provisional IRA", "IRA's hardline faction gets a stronger voice", "Playing the 'Green Card' Financing the Provisional IRA: Part 1", "Twelfth report of the Independent Monitoring Commission", Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles, "Dreaming of an "Irish Tet Offensive": Irish Republican prisoners & the origins of the Peace Process", "Sutton Index of Deaths: Crosstabulations (two-way tables)", "Sutton Index of Deaths: Organisation responsible for the death", "Revised and Updated Extracts from Sutton's Book", "Sutton Index of Deaths: Select and Crosstabulations", "Sutton Index of Deaths: Status of the person killed", CAIN (Conflict Archive Internet) Archive of IRA statements, Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives, Dragonworld (II): Deception, Tradecraft, and the Provisional IRA, International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, "Operation Banner: An analysis of military operations in Northern Ireland", glaigh na hireann (Continuity IRA splinter group), glaigh na hireann (Real IRA splinter group), Ceasefires of the Provisional IRA, UVF, UDA and RHC, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army&oldid=1161966140, Proscribed paramilitary organisations in Northern Ireland, Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom, Organizations based in Europe designated as terrorist, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in Hiberno-English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0.
Nicaragua Luxury Resorts,
Greeley Stampede Car Show,
Articles I